Pre-heat oven to 400 degrees and line two baking sheets with parchment paper.
In a large bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, baking powder, black pepper, cream of tartar, and salt.
Work the butter into the flour using a pastry blender or your hands, until it resembles coarse meal. Blend in shredded cheddar cheese. In a separate small bowl, whisk together buttermilk, chopped chipotle peppers, adobo sauce, and egg until well combined.
Add wet mixture to dry mixture and stir together with a wooden spoon until just incorporated. Do not over-mix.
Scoop about ¼ cup of the dough with a measuring cup or a small ice cream scoop and place on prepared baking sheets about 2 inches apart. Sprinkle with coarse salt.
Bake for about 19-21 minutes, rotating pans halfway through, until biscuits are golden brown.